http://deoxy.org/img/contrails-greatlakes.jpg|right12 '''Aviation-smog''', caused by air traffic at great heights may have undesirable consequences for weather, climate and the quality and quantity of the Sun's radiation that reaches the surface of Earth. In the discussion about radiative forcing, greenhouse effect and global warming, this deserves more attention. --[http://www.contrails.nl/ Contrails and Aviation Cirrus] ---- <big><b>In just a few hours a contrail that begins life only a few meters in width can spread to cover more than 20,000 square kilometers.</b></big> --[http://www-pm.larc.nasa.gov/ NASA Langley Cloud and Radiation Research Center] ---- ++In 2000 there were 8,951,773 commercial aircraft departures in the United States alone.++--AirTraffic ---- ++'''"Some unburned fuel is found in jet-aircraft exhaust"'''++ '''"Most petroleum fuels are mixtures of hundreds of different hydrocarbon compounds"''' '''''"[Local:AviationSmog_Talk It seems sunlight is mimicking the conditions in the combustion chamber which activate the lead chemistry"]''''' ---- == Video == ;'''Flight Patterns''' ~~by [http://www.aaronkoblin.com/work/faa/ Aaron Koblin]~~:~~''visualizations of flight traffic patterns and density''~~ *[Deoxy:watch/dPv8psZsvIU Air traffic as seen by the FAA] *[Deoxy:watch/WZ9wUk21ZyM The U.S. as seen by the FAA] *[Deoxy:watch/r1itfDWNzg0 Color coded aircrafts] <table width="100%"><td> '''<no>FedEx</no>''' *[Deoxy:watch/EUaz7AuJl78 25 hours of Air Traffic] *[Deoxy:watch/dGxGJieVRhs Weather Diversion] </td><td> '''More''' *[Deoxy:watch/tX1WfZ_Wrq4 Reducing climate impact from aviation] *[Deoxy:watch/G4s_FmtAQk4 underneath the flight patterns] *[Deoxy:watch/u-CaHLNnSgM waving at the airplanes] </td></table> #MAGIC Videx q='aviation OR airline OR contrail OR "flight patterns" OR "air traffic" OR "weather diversion" OR airbus OR boeing OR stratosphere OR dimming OR vortice' ---- The full climate impact of aviation goes beyond the effects of CO^^2^^ emissions, though. Apart from emitting CO^^2^^, aircraft contribute to climate change through the emission of nitrogen oxides (NOx), which are particularly effective in forming the greenhouse gas ozone when emitted at cruise altitudes. Aircraft also trigger formation of condensation trails, or contrails, and are suspected of enhancing formation of cirrus clouds, both of which add to the overall global warming effect. In 1999 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), examining the total climate impact of aviation, estimated these effects to be about 2 to 4 times greater than those of CO^^2^^ alone, even without considering the potential impact of cirrus cloud enhancement. --[http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/climat/aviation_en.htm Aviation and climate change] ---- The altitude at which aircraft fly significantly exacerbates the warming created by carbon dioxide emissions. For example, contrails, cirrus clouds and greenhouse gases formed by aircraft induce additional warming effects which amplify the climate impact of the aviation industry...Where the multiplier is used as a simple `uplift' to carbon emissions, it is commonly in the order of 2.0 to 3.5 times the impact of carbon alone. --[http://www.e-collaboration.co.uk/tyndall/media/news/tyndall_decarbonising_the_uk.pdf Decarbonising the UK] ---- Scientists have long suspected that airplane condensation trails—the wispy, white tails found in the wake of high-flying jets—form larger cloud banks that substantially alter the atmosphere's heat balance. A team of climatologists presented their work Tuesday, showing that temperatures in the United States fluctuated by 1.2 degrees Celsius more when airplanes were grounded than when normal flight patterns prevailed. That is, planes in the sky dampen the variability between day and nighttime temperatures. --[http://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,1282,52512,00.html?tw=wn_story_related Hot on the Contrails of Weather] ---- NASA scientists have found that cirrus clouds, formed by contrails from aircraft engine exhaust, are capable of increasing average surface temperatures enough to account for a warming trend in the United States that occurred between 1975 and 1994. --[http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2004/apr/HQ_04140_clouds_climate.html Clouds Caused By Aircraft Exhaust May Warm The U.S. Climate] ---- http://deoxy.org/img/contrails-ne-us.jpg|left12 Those wispy streams of vapor that follow jetliners across the sky may not be as innocuous as they appear. A new NASA study claims man-made cirrus clouds formed by commercial jet engine exhaust may be responsible for the increased surface temperatures detected in the United States between 1975 and 1994. Climate data shows there has been a 1 percent per decade increase in cirrus cloud cover over the United States, which the NASA paper says is likely due to commercial air traffic. --[http://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,1282,63365,00.html?tw=wn_story_related Climate Change Out of the Blue] ---- Several scientific studies have suggested that aviation may contribute to detrimental chemical changes in the atmosphere (particularly ozone content), as well as possible climate modification. The most widely accepted assessments are those conducted by United Nations (U.N.) scientific organizations. Ozone trends are monitored by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). Air traffic and, therefore, contrails, are not evenly distributed around the globe. They are concentrated over parts of the United States and Europe, where local warming reaches up to 0.7 watts per square meter, or 35 times the global average. --[http://www.solcomhouse.com/Airtraffic.htm Air Traffic Contributing to Climate Change and Ozone Destruction] ---- http://deoxy.org/img/contrails-western-us.jpg|right12 A high-altitude jet airplane’s condensation trail (contrail) is a climatologically important byproduct of air traffic because it can function as a man-made cirrus cloud (a thin, high-altitude ice cloud). A contrail forms when hot and humid air from a jet engine’s exhaust mixes with cold and drier air in the upper troposphere through which the airplane passes. If the relative humidity of the high-altitude air is very low, a contrail quickly dissipates. If the air is moist, the contrail spreads horizontally and forms a thin layer of cirrus cloud that persists for many hours. Cirrus clouds (and by implication, contrails) are climatologically important because they function as net warmers of earth’s atmosphere. --[http://www.greeningearthsociety.org/wca/2004/wca_16c.html Leaving a Trail] ---- On clear winter days, the sky can resemble an enormous Etch A Sketch. White lines left in the wake of jets crisscross each other, often stretching from one horizon to the other. But as ephemeral as they may seem, these cloudy trails could be contributing to global warming by trapping heat, according to a growing body of scientific research. If counted all over the globe, contrails--the vapor trails left by aircraft—have been found to cover a small but noticeable portion of the Earth's surface. From 35,000 feet below, contrails may look like wispy lines. But they can grow into clouds many miles wide and hundreds of feet tall, and they often contain pollutants left by the burning of thousands of gallons of jet fuel. The trails and the clouds they create help to trap heat, contributing to the greenhouse effect, several recent studies contend. --[http://www.contrails.nl/contrails%20research/Contrails%20Climate%2006.htm JET EMISSIONS OF VAPOR, GASES MAY CONTRIBUTE TO WARMING] ---- http://deoxy.org/img/contrails-europe.jpg|right12 Aerosols, which are minute airborne particles, have a profound effect on the Earth’s climate system, influencing the amount of sunlight that impinges on the surface, altering the properties of clouds, and impacting the hydrological system. --[http://www.ogp.noaa.gov/aboutogp/spotlight/aerosols/aero9_00.htm New Findings Highlight the Significance of Aerosols in the Earth’s Climate System] ---- '''[http://www.aip.de/~dieter/Summary_for_Schumann/Summary_for_Schumann.html Impact of Jet Condensation Trails Upon the Radiation Budget over Northwest Europe and the North Atlantic]''' *[http://www.contrails.nl/contrails%20research/index.htm Science, Research, Activities and Comments on Contrails] ---- The track of large ships is sometimes visualised by a trail of shallow stratus clouds. These clouds, known as 'ship tracks', form in the wake of ships and are remarkably long-lived. They typically are between 0.5-5 km wide, i.e. wide enough to be seen in visible satellite imagery. Sometimes a ship track appears as a band of enhanced cloud thickness embedded in stratus. Ship tracks are due to cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in the ship's exhaust. The apparent reduction of the diurnal temperature range in the Midwestern USA during the last 50 years is partly attributed to the increase of contrails along the main flight corridors. --[http://www-das.uwyo.edu/~geerts/cwx/notes/chap08/contrail.html Effects of contrails and ship tracks on climate] ---- In 1999 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) calculated that contrails from the world fleet of 12,000 civil airliners contribute as much to global warming as the CO^^2^^ their engines pour out as they burn jet fuel. But global air traffic is growing by around 3.5 per cent per year, and many of those extra flights are long-haul, high-altitude, contrail-forming journeys. So by 2050 contrails will be having a great deal more of an impact on global warming than the CO^^2^^ emissions from aircraft engines. --[http://www.newscientist.com/hottopics/climate/climate.jsp?id=ns99992926 Aircraft vapour trails are climate scourge] ---- == Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change == http://deoxy.org/img/contrails-PacificVapor.jpg|left12 Recent advances in our understanding of heterogeneous chemistry in the lower stratosphere and the role of aerosols and clouds in climate forcing have increased the need to understand the influence of these aircraft emissions on atmospheric composition. Aerosol particles from aviation—comprising soot, metals, sulfuric acid, water vapor, and possibly nitric acid and unburned hydrocarbons—may influence the state of the atmosphere in many ways. These particles may provide surfaces for heterogeneous chemical reactions, both in the exhaust plume and on regional and global scales; represent a sink for condensable atmospheric gases; absorb or scatter radiation directly; and change cloud properties that may affect radiation indirectly. Persistent contrails can directly cause additional cirrus clouds to form. In addition, aerosol particles may enhance sedimentation and precipitation of atmospheric water vapor, hence affecting the hydrological cycle and the budget of other gases and particles. Changes in cloud formation properties and cloud cover may also affect actinic fluxes in the atmosphere and ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation at the surface. ''Aviation and the Global Atmosphere'',, [http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/aviation/031.htm Aviation-Produced Aerosols and Cloudiness] ---- Flying aircraft 6,000 feet (1.8 kilometres) below current altitudes could help curb the contribution to climate change made by aircraft. UK scientists say this would result in a 47% reduction in contrails, the exhaust streams produced by aircraft.--[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3288003.stm Fly lower to cut climate impact] *[http://www.newscientist.com/misc/popup_ns.jsp?id=ns99992926F1 How Flying At Lower Altitude Helps Cut Global Warming] ---- European Geophysical Society 2003 : [http://www.cosis.net/abstracts/EAE03/01321/EAE03-J-01321.pdf INCREASES IN JET CONTRAIL COVERAGE FOR THE US AND IMPLICATIONS FOR CONTEMPORARY CLIMATE CHANGES] ---- ++"One of the most readily visible signs of human presence, is the occurrence of contrails from aircraft in the upper atmosphere. These are crystals of ice formed from water, a byproduct of the combustion process in the aircraft engines, and which is collected into the wake vortices of the aircraft. They are very long lasting, and can be seen over virtually all parts of the world as white streaks across the sky. They can be striking around cities that are major air traffic hubs, and can oftentimes be seen radiating out from these cities, like spokes in a wheel"++--Dr. Andy Thomas, Astronaut STS-91 ---- ++[http://www.beforetheflood.co.uk/jan05/airplanes.html Why I Don't Take Airplanes Anymore]++,, The real impact of air travel and the tourism industry ---- +++"Aviation is a rogue sector and its environmental impact is out of control. Climate change is the most urgent challenge facing humanity and yet aviation policy is doing the opposite of what is needed."+++ :--[http://www.big-picture.tv/index.php?id=42&cat=&a=84 Tony Juniper], Director of [http://www.foe.co.uk/ Friends of the Earth England, Wales and Northern Ireland] and Vice-Chair of [http://www.foei.org/ Friends of the Earth International]